International Journal of Synergy in Engineering and Technology

Effect of Loading Parameters on Mechanical Properties of PA-HIPS-Kenaf Composite via Full Factorial

Nurul Irfilzati Ruslan — 2025-01-26

Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs) are emerging as a sustainable alternative to conventional synthetic composites, offering advantages in environmental sustainability and biocompatibility. This study investigates the mechanical properties of NFRPCs utilizing kenaf fibers within polyamide 6,6 (PA) and hybrid matrices of polyamide and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS). A full factorial experimental design was employed to analyze the impacts of fiber content, polymer matrix, and compatibilizer (MAPP) on the elastic modulus and elongation at break. Mechanical testing was conducted in accordance with ASTM D638 standards using a universal testing machine (UTM). The results reveal that the interaction between kenaf fiber content and MAPP loading, as well as the relationship between MAPP loading and the matrix type, significantly affects the elastic modulus of the composites. Specifically, a lower MAPP content in the PA matrix, when combined with reduced kenaf fiber loading, leads to enhanced stiffness and elevated elastic modulus values. Among the tested variables, kenaf fiber loading is the only factor that positively correlates with the elastic modulus, indicating that increased kenaf content directly enhances material stiffness. The optimal conditions for maximizing elongation at break were found at the lowest kenaf fiber loading with the PA matrix. This outcome is attributed to the inherent chemical compatibility between PA and kenaf fibers, which facilitates superior bonding and flexibility. It also found that all interaction factors contribute significantly to the enhancement of elongation at break, thus improving the ductility of the composites.

A Comparative Study on QR Code and Bar Code Detection Techniques in Modern Systems

Muhd Rostan — 2025-01-26

In modern systems, QR codes and bar codes are extensively used for data encoding and rapid information retrieval across industries such as logistics, retail, and healthcare. QR codes, with their two-dimensional matrix structure, offer higher storage capacity and robustness compared to traditional one-dimensional bar codes. However, both technologies have distinct advantages and limitations, particularly in detection and decoding efficiency under varying operational conditions. This paper aims to conduct a comparative analysis of QR code and bar code detection techniques, evaluating their performance in terms of accuracy, processing speed, and resilience to factors like noise, distortions, and lighting variations. The experimental setup includes both controlled and real-world scenarios. In controlled environments, parameters like lighting and camera positioning are standardized for consistency. Real-world conditions are simulated by varying factors such as distances between the camera and the QR Code, dynamic lighting changes, and environmental noise. Representative algorithms for detecting QR codes and bar codes, including traditional and machine learning-based approaches, are applied. A diverse dataset incorporating various code orientations, densities, and environmental conditions ensures a robust evaluation. Performance metrics such as detection success rate, processing time, and error tolerance are used for comparison. The results reveal that QR code detection techniques generally outperform bar codes under complex conditions, such as distorted angles and low lighting, due to the inherent error correction capabilities of QR codes. Conversely, bar codes demonstrate faster detection times in simple, controlled environments due to their linear structure. These findings highlight the trade-offs between the two technologies, emphasizing the need to select appropriate detection methods based on specific use-case requirements. In conclusion, this study provides insights into the strengths and weaknesses of QR code and bar code detection techniques, offering guidance for industries to optimize data encoding systems. Future research can explore hybrid methods or advanced machine learning approaches to further enhance performance and reliability.

Exploring the Potential of Palm Oil Mill Decanter Cake in Sustainable Animal Feed Formulations

Abdul Hadi Abdullah — 2025-04-01

The cost of animal feed is a major contributor to overall livestock production expenses, particularly in developing countries where feeding resources are often inadequate. Efficient feed management, including recycling agricultural byproducts, presents an opportunity to reduce costs and promote sustainable livestock farming. This study investigates the potential of using palm oil mill decanter cake, a byproduct of palm oil extraction, as a primary crude protein source in ruminant feed formulations. The decanter cake underwent drying, grinding, and mixing with other ingredients to meet the nutritional requirements for goats, followed by field testing. Nutritional analysis showed a high crude protein content of 16.05%, along with significant levels of crude fiber (23%) and crude fat (14.39%). A 23-day feeding trial compared the weight gain of goats fed the formulated feed to those fed commercial feed, with results indicating a higher weight gain in the group consuming the formulated feed. The findings suggest that decanter cake is a viable alternative protein source for animal feed, enhancing livestock performance while utilizing a sustainable agricultural byproduct. This research proposes processes for the commercial production of animal feed from decanter cake and highlights the need for further economic feasibility studies.

Integrated RFID Solution for Student Entry and Exit Monitoring System

Siti Norwahidayah Wahab — 2025-03-27

Integrated RFID Solution for Student Entry and Exit Monitoring aims to enhance security and streamline monitoring processes at University College TATI. The initiative addresses growing security concerns and the limitations of manual gatekeeping methods by utilizing RFID technology to automate student movement tracking. This ensures accurate record-keeping and minimizes risks associated with human error. The system integrates hardware such as the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B microcontroller, RFID RC-522 reader, and Tower Pro MG90 servo motor, with software tools like PHP, XAMPP, and MySQL for database management. Adopting the ADDIE model comprising Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation phases to ensure a systematic and reliable development process. By leveraging existing research and implementing practical solutions, the project highlights RFID technology's advantages in delivering a cost-effective, efficient, and secure tracking method. The design incorporates detailed process diagrams, user interface wireframes, and a flowchart demonstrating the workflow from RFID card scanning to gate operation. Deploying this system at UCTATI will bolster campus security, alleviate administrative burdens, and provide real-time data to support better decision-making and campus management.

A Web-Based System for Managing Lawn Care Services: Implementation and Evaluation at Kak Gee Services

Wan Nur Idayu Tun Mohd Hassan — 2025-03-27

This paper presents the implementation of a web-based system developed to manage and streamline lawn care services at Kak Gee Services. The system automates key processes, including scheduling, customer communication, and service management, offering a more efficient and organized approach compared to traditional manual methods. By integrating features such as real-time scheduling, service tracking, and customer management, the system enhances operational efficiency, reduces errors, and improves customer satisfaction. An evaluation of the system’s performance, usability, and impact on business operations was conducted through user feedback and performance metrics. The findings suggest that the web-based system significantly reduces administrative workload, improves service accessibility, and provides greater transparency in pricing and scheduling, ultimately contributing to better service delivery and customer experience.

Enhance Efficiency of QR Code Detection on Movement Object: Performance Analysis of Algorithms and Environmental Factors

Muhd Rostan — 2025-04-06

This paper investigates the enhancement of QR code detection efficiency on moving objects, with a focus on analyzing the performance of different algorithms and environmental factors affecting detection accuracy. As QR codes have become a standard tool for information access and digital identification, optimizing their readability under various conditions, particularly on moving platforms, is crucial. The primary objective of this study is to explore and evaluate the impact of object speed on QR code detection efficacy, considering both algorithmic approaches and external influences such as lighting, angle of incidence, and background noise. The scope of this research encompasses the real-time detection of QR codes affixed to vehicles, aiming to understand how motion dynamics influence recognition performance and to propose effective solutions for improving the accuracy of QR code scanning under such conditions. The experimental setup involved recording video files of a car with a QR code displayed on its windshield, driven at varying speeds to test the detection system's robustness. Using this method, the researchers aimed to simulate real-world scenarios where QR codes are scanned from moving vehicles, such as toll booths, smart parking systems, and transportation logistics. The analysis reveals that the QR code recognition system demonstrated a 100% success rate at vehicle speeds below 30 kilometers per hour, confirming the system’s effectiveness in low-motion conditions. However, the detection accuracy significantly declined to 30% when the car’s speed increased to 60 kilometers per hour, highlighting the challenges posed by high-motion environments and motion blur. This degradation suggests that while current QR code detection algorithms are effective under stable or low-motion scenarios, their performance is critically impacted by higher velocities, necessitating further research into motion-compensating algorithms and enhanced image processing techniques. The novelty of this research lies in its practical approach to quantifying the impact of motion on QR code detection accuracy and providing a detailed performance analysis of detection algorithms under varying speeds, offering insights into the limitations and potential areas for improvement in the field of mobile QR code scanning. By employing this empirical method, the result was accurate detection under controlled conditions, thereby providing a foundation for developing robust solutions capable of maintaining high recognition rates even at increased speeds. The study’s findings not only contribute to the understanding of how motion affects QR code readability but also serve as a guideline for future advancements in algorithm development and system optimization for mobile QR code applications.

Barcode Hadir Mobile Application

Siti Norwahidayah Wahab — 2025-04-06

The Class Attendance mobile app using barcodes introduces a modern, efficient, and fast method for recording attendance. This project aims to minimize paper usage and help students maintain focus during class by eliminating the need to manually sign attendance sheets. With this system, lecturers no longer need to carry physical attendance records. Instead, the barcode system enables the collection of attendance data using a smartphone, such as an Android device. All user and student information are securely stored within the app, managed by the administration. Lecturers simply scan barcodes on student matric cards to mark attendance, either at the beginning or end of class. The project successfully achieves its primary goal: to record student attendance through barcode scanning. Scanned attendance data is automatically stored in Google Sheets for easy access and tracking. Each student’s matric card features a unique barcode, serving as verifiable proof of their class attendance.

Tribology investigation of high speed steel onto aluminium alloy AL319 applying nano-coolant

Ahmad Joraimee Mohamad — 2025-04-07

In this study, SiO2/Gear oil nano-coolant with varying volume concentrations was employed in the tribological process using a tribometer for machining aluminium AL319 using the smeared technique. The primary objective was to determine the wear rate and coefficient of friction of high-speed steel onto aluminium alloy AL319 by applying SiO2/gear oil nano EDM dielectric. Load, duration, and nano concentration are varied, while spindle speed is kept constant. The stability of the hybrid nano-coolant was confirmed through factorial and response surface methods, showing stability for up to 21 days. The performance of SiO2/Gear oil nano-coolant with the smeared technique succeeded. The optimal inclusion level was determined through the RSM outcome, with 0.10% of SiO2/Gear oil nano-coolant exhibiting the best performance in terms of wear rate and coefficient of friction. The lowest wear rate is 1.6842x10^-8 m³/Nm with 400 grams of load, 30 minutes of duration, and 0.10% of nano concentration whereas the highest wear rate value is 6.13296842x10^-8 m³/Nm with 1200 gram of load, 90 minutes of duration and 0% of nano concentration. The same parameter goes with the lowest and highest coefficient of friction values which is 0.9241 and 0.9661.

Conceptualizing the Appointment of Mutawalli in Waqf Management: An Analysis Under the Negeri Sembilan Islamic Religious Council (MAINS)

Hashim Ahmad Shiyuti — 2025-04-01

Pelantikan Mutawalli merupakan elemen penting dalam memastikan pengurusan harta wakaf yang cekap dan berkesan di bawah seliaan Majlis Agama Islam Negeri Sembilan (MAINS). Kajian ini meneliti prosedur pelantikan Mutawalli, mengenal pasti cabaran yang dihadapi, serta menganalisis keberkesanan pengurusan harta wakaf melalui pelantikan Mutawalli yang tepat. Berdasarkan konsep Al-Qawiyy (kuat) dan Al-Amin (amanah), kajian ini mencadangkan satu model pelantikan yang lebih sistematik dan telus bagi memastikan pengurusan wakaf dapat dijalankan dengan lebih efisien dan berintegriti. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, kajian ini melibatkan kajian literatur, temu bual mendalam dengan pegawai MAINS serta Mutawalli, dan soal selidik kepada pihak berkepentingan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa kelemahan dalam pemilihan dan pemantauan Mutawalli boleh menjejaskan keberkesanan pengurusan wakaf. Oleh itu, kajian ini mengemukakan cadangan penambahbaikan termasuk garis panduan pelantikan Mutawalli dan mekanisme pemantauan yang lebih ketat. Hasil kajian ini diharapkan dapat dijadikan rujukan oleh negeri-negeri lain di Malaysia bagi memperkukuhkan pengurusan wakaf dan memastikan manfaatnya dapat dimaksimumkan untuk kepentingan masyarakat.